The accelerated digitization of German colleges and universities in 2020/2021, in response to the COVID19 pandemic, would not have been possible without the massive uptake of cloud offerings. Teaching via video conferencing systems such as Zoom, digital remote exams with and without proctoring, and collaborative work via collaboration systems such as Confluence or Microsoft Teams found their way into the normal working day virtually overnight. More digitization happened in a few weeks than in the years before. Cloud providers such as Zoom, Google, and Microsoft captured shares of the digitization budget to a much greater extent than ever before planned. It became very clear during this period that the pre-pandemic digital world was caught up with a reality for which the universities and their administrations, which were nevertheless quite slow to act, were not prepared in their basic structures.
Cloud services extend the IT services previously used in universities and are mostly provided by their own data centers. They can be set up quickly and decentrally on PCs and notebooks and used by university staff. They do not lead to the acquisition of new large-scale equipment in the data centers, but they do lead to demand for user support from existing IT staff.
Utilization of these additional options, which are intended to improve the attractiveness and competitiveness of a university, is only possible after fundamental, internal considerations. Whereas in the past a data center or IT department could decide for itself whether to introduce software, the use of cloud services raises strategic issues that can only be resolved at the level of university management. The relocation of parts of the IT infrastructure, including data storage "off-campus", has implications for digital sovereignty, the design of basic infrastructures, or personnel development. In addition to new opportunities, unexpected dependencies arise. Recommendations for the concrete use of cloud services in universities were published by ZKI e. V. in 2021 in a result report with specific recommendations. The HRK has taken up the topic with Circular No. 26/2021.
There are strategic questions that must be fundamentally answered at the level of university managements, CIOs, ministries, federal states HRK before cloud use. They concern organizational, legal, and financial framework conditions.
Digital sovereignty: Most German universities operate their own data center. There are many reasons for this. Cloud services have been added during the pandemic. With cloud services, there is perceived uncertainty about the long-term development of license fees, as well as a dependency due to the increasing integration of cloud services into everyday operations (vendor lock-in). In the future, universities will have to weigh up on a political level whether such uncertainties and dependencies should be accepted or whether providing services in their own data center is fundamentally a sovereign path.
Cooperation structures: Private clouds could represent a middle ground between a company's own data center and cloud services from commercial providers. These could be either inter-university offerings via state data centers or the direct provision of services between universities. The decision on cooperation will have to be made partly by the universities themselves and partly in dialog with the state ministries. This also raises the question of the institutional structure of the cooperation. The state of Bavaria is attempting to establish this cooperation as a statutory task by founding a digital alliance (cf. Art 6(5) of the Higher Education Innovation Act) and to address the issues jointly across all types of higher education institutions.
Fiscal aspects of cooperation: the purchase of IT services is subject to VAT unless it is scientific cooperation. This applies to commercial cloud offerings (Microsoft 365, Zoom), but also, depending on the design, to inter-university offerings via the above-mentioned cooperation structures. Unless there is a provision in tax law here, e.g. that cooperation between universities is a public task, an IT service via cooperation may be up to 19% more expensive than providing the same service via an own university computer center.
Procurement: the current ways of procuring IT services are geared toward operating their own university computer centers. In the nationwide DFG funding program "Grossgeräte der Länder", they are half-subsidized with federal funds. Therefore, state-funded universities have no incentive to consider cloud services as a substitute if they have to pay for them in full.
Support structures: academics are used to being able to request assistance from commercial data centers, networks, and cloud operators 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Small to mid-sized universities cannot provide this support. What does this mean for future workforce planning?
Sustainability: Increasingly, the university's own IT provision needs to be climate-proofed. For the state of Bavaria, an initial study has revealed a need for construction measures in the double-digit millions to meet the climate targets set by the state and federal governments concerning existing university data centers. Should these investments still be made when "everything is going to the cloud"?
The search for legal frameworks regarding the necessary cloud use in a European, or better, the inner-German legal framework is obvious. The Zoom provision of the DFN via the Telekom cloud shows an inner-German way for personal data of students and researchers, the NFDI for research data. However, cloud-based delivery of online university elections is not yet possible in many countries and is the subject of ongoing legal discussions.
With these issues in mind, it is necessary to take a hybrid view of the reliable and sustainable provision of IT services and to create prerequisites in each direction. The goal must be to efficiently operate IT infrastructures for universities that have been built and maintained with tax funds.
Translated with DeepL, edited with Grammarly.